Sunday, May 9, 2010

13 of 24 CORRECTING CLIMATE CHANGE AND harnessing unlimited hydropower

CORRECTING CLIMATE CHANGE AND HARNESSING UNLIMITED HYDROPOWER









SUBMITTED


TO

NEPAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
-g]kfn lj1fg tyf kljlw k1f-klti7fg_
Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal

FOR RECOGNITION BY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES OF THE WORLD




BY

DEV BAHADUR DONGOL, Ph.D.
(A voluntarily retired Associate Professor of science education)
Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu, Nepal.





PREFACE


This paper has two parts:

1. The first part ‘Correcting Climate Change’ explains the solution to the climate change and global warming – a new explanation as a discovery.
2. The second part ‘Harnessing Unlimited Hydropower’ explains a new way to install turbines – a new explanation as a discovery.


NEVER AGAIN: Solutions to climate change and power crisis have many implications. After the implementations of these two new explanations our world will never have to face again Famine, Drought, Global Warming, Climate Change, Power Crisis, and the phenomena related to water. Nobody will be HUNGRY. We will be saving the fossil fuels for a very long future. Let us simply develop network of water delivery system so that no surface of the earth is dry.

I. The themes of this paper were published as follows in the local papers:

a. The Rising Nepal:

1. New ways to harness hydropower. March 14, 2009
2. Overturning global warming. June 25, 2009
3. Don’t Blame Gases For Green House Effect (September 24, 2009)

b. Gorakhapatra (in Nepali language)

1. Dherai Sastoma Jalbidyut : June 06, 2009 (Jestha 23, 2066)
(Hydropower in a very cheap way). This article has described the turbine installation system in series. See part II.) (Translated as ‘Turbine Don’t Decrease Power Of Running Water’ - see in the blogspot)

II. Presentations and discussions (unofficial) dates not recorded

1. Kaanti-Iswori Rajya Laxmi Madhyamik Vidyalaya, Pyaphal Tole, Kathmandu.
(30 June, 2009)

2. Technical and Skill Development Center for Blind and Disabled, Nagaun, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. (22 June, 2009)

3. Nepal Electricity Board - March, 2009, date not noted


PREFACE (continued)


4. Physical Society Of University Physics Teachers, Trichandra Campus, Kathmandu Nepal.

5. Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan Univeristy, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

6. Students of the Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan Univeristy, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. (Three times).

7. Nepal Adarsha Secondary School, Gana Bahal, Kathmandu. Nepal. O7 Feb. 2010

8. Kadambari College, Shankhamul, Kathmandu, Nepal 09 Feb. 2010

9. SMART club Kamaladi - date not noted

10. Russian center for science and culture, Kamalpokhari. 20 January 2010

III. At the foot of Dharahara, Sundhara, Kathmandu, Nepal: since 1st. December 2009 - daily
Every day 10 a.m. to 12 Noon and in the evening since 21st. April, 2010– for general public.

IV. Submitted in written for presentation to Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. (Not yet received any response from the office) 10th March 1, 2010

V. Pasted on Inventnow.com

VI. Pasted on webshots.com as user names asthaone, asthatwo,……asthatwenty and indrdev2004 (altogether 21 user names).

VII. Sent to all the offices of green peace around the world by email.

VIII. Blog: devbahadurdongol.blogspot.com

VIV. Google search: dev bahadur dongol

VV. Email: dev.dangol@yahoo.co.uk

VVI. Mailing address: Dev Bahadur Dongol

Teku, Shahid Shukra Galli, House Number 24, Wad Number 12, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Telephone:
Residence: 01 4 25 30 45 Mobile: 9841 647 393

CONTENTS


Part I: CORRECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Summary

1. Green House Effect By Gases Is Impossible

a. Green House
b. Methods of heat transmission – Conduction, Convection and Radiation
c. Rain Cycle
d. Physical properties of our immediate atmosphere
e. Conclusion.

2. Global Warming And Climate Change

A.Natural Cooling Mechanisms

a. The Air Current
b. Rain Cycle
c. Hurricanes or tornadoes or cyclones
d. Pollutants

B. After winning the fight against ‘global warming and climate change’ We want

C. Causes/ Reasons for Global Warming And Climate Change

D. Solutions

E. Conclusion

Part II: HARNESSING UNLIMITED HYDROPOWER

Summary

1. Pressure Effect Through Out The Running Water Column Is Uniform

2. Turbines (installed in stream) Don’t Decrease Power Of Running Water

3. Harnessing Unlimited Hydropower

4. Implications


Part I

CORRECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

SUMMARY



Upon looking scientifically into the nature of gases as fluids, green house formation, methods of heat transmission and physical properties of our immediate atmosphere it is not possible for any gas to form a ‘green house’. Therefore it is quite logical to conclude that it is not the ‘green house effect’ of any gas that is causing global warming and climate change at all. Heated objects remain hot without cooling system.

Rain means colder and cleaner atmosphere, recharging ground water, spreading water all over the world, making easy access of drinking water, help proper irrigation and rich vegetation, add snow on poles and mountains thus lower sea water level eventually. They are all and only our concerned aspects by climate change. Simple logic: take water back to the places where it came from. Thus we can attribute to the reduced frequency of rain cycle for global warming and climate change. Obviously increasing frequency of rain pattern through out the year will definitely maintain temperature of our atmosphere at lowest level as well. But man has disturbed very effective natural mechanism of climate regulation system - the rain cycle. Man drastically reduced the vital evaporation system necessary for rain cycle by 1. Human settlement mainly; Urbanization; 2. Deforestation and 3. Creating Deserted Lands And Deserts. So called green house gases have nothing to do with the phenomenon of evaporation.

Boosting evaporation of water from the surface of the Earth as widely as possible, from every inch of the earth surface, will set us free from the worry of the ‘global warming’ and ‘climate change’ for good.

1. Green House Effect by Gases Is Impossible

a. Green House - It is a space covered by solid transparent glass or plastic. Heat entered is trapped inside. Air inside cannot move in and out of the transparent walls. So temperature inside is kept much warmer than outside the glass walls. Heat is transmitted to outside atmosphere by only conduction method when temperature outside is less than inside of the green house. So during the night inside of the green house also gets cold.

b. Methods of heat transmission - Heat travels only from higher temperature to lower temperature front by three methods. They are radiation, conduction and convection.

1. Radiation
It is a method when heat energy jumps or travel in all directions without any medium from the source and is absorbed by any object that is on the way. It is like throwing many objects and others catch some of them. This is the method how we get heat from the Sun.

2. Conduction

This is the process when heat is passed on from one molecule to another adjacent molecule. This happens when we heat a solid substance that is a good conductor of heat e.g. a metal. It is like passing an object from one end to another end by standing many people in a queue.

3. Convection

This process of heat transmission happens when fluids, gases and liquids, are heated. They have freely moving molecules, so when heated they move in the upward direction. They release heat when they reach cold front. They come down again when they become cold. This process of moving molecules up and down goes on repeatedly while the fluids are being heated. This process is something like we picking up goods from the shops and deliver them at homes repeatedly. This method of heat transmission occurs in our atmosphere also as convection current. The air expands and become lighter when heated. The hot air goes up and release heat in the upper zone of the atmosphere where it is cold. So gas in the atmosphere is helping the earth to cool down. Heat from the upper colder zone of the atmosphere can not return back to the earth as heat doesn’t travel from colder zone to hotter zone.

c. Rain Cycle:

The sun heats the earth. Land area gets heated very hot quickly but not sea, pond, lakes or river water. Water has highest heat holding capacity. It requires huge quantity of heat for heating large body of water. The sun can evaporate water of the moist earth’s surface very quickly. The vapor releases heat high up in the cold front of the atmosphere and becomes water drops and come down as rain. The cold water again can absorb heat from the earth surface.

The frequency of rain cycle through out a year is reduced too much nowadays. Thus, obviously we are facing global warming. Instead of frequent rain through out the year we have rains during hottest time of the year only. Frequency of rain is almost only once a year.

Evaporation of water from sea, running water and lakes or ponds is not hot enough to go up to the height where it can form water drops after losing heat it has absorbed but is only contributing to raise humidity of the immediate air. As sea breeze when water vapours from the sea reaches above the heated surfaces of the earth they are raised up as convection current to the height where they can form water drops and fall down as rain

The vapor from the wet surfaces of the earth can take very large quantity of heat up in the sky. Probably it is the very best natural cooling process. So the rain cycle transfers very large quantity of heat from the earth to the space high up. It is this reason why we feel cold immediately when it rains.

d. Physical properties of our immediate atmosphere

Air we breathe in and out is a homogenous mixture. There is no separate layer for separate gas. Had the air been layered according to gases, our immediate layer of gas would be carbon dioxide not oxygen. Carbon dioxide is the heaviest gas in the air. We need oxygen to breathe and be alive. The up and down moving air molecules as convection current cannot make a shield as solid glass or plastic make wall of a green house. Higher we go colder is our immediate atmosphere.


e. Conclusion.

So upon looking scientifically into the nature of gases as fluids, green house formation, methods of heat transmission and physical properties of our immediate atmosphere it is not possible for any gas to form a ‘green house’. Therefore, it is quite logical to conclude that it is not the ‘green house effect’ of any gas that is causing global warming and climate change at all.

(Had the Earth been in a green house for 4 billion years, would it be possible to appear living beings on this Earth? Ha ha ha !!!)



2. Causes of Global Warming and Climate Change


Then what is causing the global warming and climate change? Obviously we need answer to this question and solve the terrifying problem. We know there are many agents that are heating our Earth and our immediate surroundings, the troposphere. They are mainly the Sun and our burning activities on the surface of the Earth. Heated objects remain hot without cooling system. Heat released as hot air is cooled down naturally by convection method of heat transmission. But man has disturbed main and effective process used by the nature for cooling the surface of the Earth, land and water that absorb so much of heat from the Sun. So let us see the natural mechanisms that help to cool down the Earth surface.

A. Natural Cooling Mechanisms

There are at least 4 (four) natural mechanisms that help to cool down the surface of the Earth. They are air current, rain cycle, hurricanes (or cyclones or tornadoes) and pollutants.

a. The Air Current

The convection method of heat transmission is going on all the time non-stop. Human activities have no control over it. Heated surface of the Earth heats the air near by. Heated air molecules go up as they become lighter and release heat when they reach cold front high up. Cold molecules come down as they become heavier. This convection current is working day and night, if it had not been so our surrounding would have been already hot enough, if not more, to boil water. So gases are actually helping to cool off the heated surface of the Earth by convection method.

b. Rain Cycle

Obviously nature has another more effective cooling mechanism as well, the rain cycle. Water has highest heat absorbing capacity, much higher than that of air or any gas, so rain cycle is more effective than air current to cool down Earth surface. We know it is cool when it rains. The rain cycle also works as convection current. We know frequency of rain pattern is changing, or rather reduced very much and because of this we can claim that our surroundings are becoming hotter year-by-year.

c. Hurricanes

Thirdly, when the rain cycle is disrupted and Earth’s surface becomes very hot, as nowadays we have to face hurricanes, which bring torrential rains and floods. This system of cooling by nature may be considered as the emergency measures to keep earth’s surface cool. This is the way we are having rains nowadays, but this also may not be for very long.



d. Pollutants

Pollutants, gases and air all absorb heat from the sun before it reaches the Earth. So, cloudy, misty, foggy, murky, smoggy, or hazy days are colder than bright days. So they are also helping the earth to cool down. Heat holding nature of all matters (including CO2, mistakenly referred to as a green house gas) is a different phenomenon; it is not green house effect and can’t cause climate change or global warming.

B. After winning the fight against ‘global warming and climate change’ we want:

1. Colder surrounding or reduced global warming,
2. Frequent regular rain pattern as in the old comfortable weather,
3. Convenient water resources thus rich vegetation, easy irrigation and drinking water,
4. Add ice on poles and mountains,
5. Recharge ground water, and
6. Eventually lower sea level rise.

C. Causes / Reasons for global warming and climate change

Though all the cooling systems (A. Natural Cooling Mechanisms) of the Nature are going on, the frequency of rain pattern has been reduced greatly. We can claim that frequency is almost only once a year. Rain means colder and cleaner atmosphere, recharging ground water, spreading water all over the world, making easy access of drinking water, help proper irrigation and rich vegetation, add snow on poles and mountains thus lower sea water level eventually. They are all and only our concerned aspects by climate change. Simple logic: take water back to the places where it came from. Thus we can attribute to the reduced frequency of rain cycle for global warming and climate change. It seems the rain-cycle is the key climate regulator in nature. Obviously increasing frequency of rain pattern through out the year will definitely maintain temperature of our atmosphere at lowest level. But man has disturbed very effective natural mechanism of climate regulation system - the rain cycle. The rain cycle needs evaporation from the surfaces of the earth mainly. So called green house gases have nothing to do with the phenomenon of evaporation. Evaporation from the surfaces of the earth is reduced very seriously. The causes are:

1. Human settlement mainly Urbanization- drainage systems, pavements, houses, and roads etc all have stopped evaporation from soil.

2. Deforestation- Reduced consistent evaporation drastically by drying soil very quickly.

3. Creating Deserted Lands And Deserts- there is no evaporation at all from those very vast stretches of lands.

Collectively they have reduced the evaporation of water from the surfaces of the earth and have become very significant now. But the ‘Rain Cycle” primarily needs lot of evaporation of water mainly from the surfaces of the Earth. Water can absorb highest amount of heat or it has highest heat holding capacity of all the matters. This property is helping to reduce our atmospheric temperature mainly besides other functions of water. Water can deliver highest quantity of heat from hotter zone to colder zone.

D. Solutions

Boosting evaporation by scattering water on the surfaces of the Earth not sparing even the deserted lands and deserts is the only way to increase frequency and spread rain pattern through out the year and thus restore the comfortable climate. Water can be delivered from any higher to lower places. Now it is an easy task for mankind. We can use discharged water from the hydropower installations as well. We can and should develop network of water delivery system to the dry lands and deserts as our must culture. We will have greenery everywhere and not again ‘climate change’ and poverty in our planet.

(This draining system of water can also be used for producing clean energy, hydroelectricity by installing many turbines in series without breaking water column along the same one water-supplying pipe. Installed turbines do not decrease power of running water through out the pipe, because of the fluid properties of water and the nature of the Gravitational Force of the Earth. The Earth is blessed with unlimited hydropower. See Part II).


E. Conclusion

Thus boosting evaporation of water from the surface of the Earth as widely as possible, from every inch of the earth surface, will set us free from the worry of the ‘global warming’ and ‘climate change’ for good. Increasing frequency of rains to spread through out the year will stop global warming, add snow on the mountains and poles; scatter water to widest possible land areas, recharging ground with water will store immense quantity of water back again and thus eventually will lower the sea level as well. We should make spreading of water on the surface of the Earth as our instinct culture.




Part II

HARNESSING UNLIMITED HYDROPOWER

SUMMARY

Because the pressure effect through out the running water column is uniform (1) and a turbine installed in the stream of running water does not decrease power of running water (2), turbine installed at any point between the intake and discharge points of flowing water column will run with the same efficiency.

So multiple turbines installed in the same water-supplying pipe without breaking the water column of the running water can run all of them with equal efficiency. Thus, it is possible to harness many folds more hydropower than done at present. We will not need additional new projects. We can add many turbines at the existing infrastructures.

Therefore hydropower available to even alone Nepal is unlimited. So our Earth is blessed with unlimited hydropower.


1. Pressure Effect Through Out The Running Water Column Is Uniform

We harness hydropower from water column that is running through a pipe from a desired height to a lower place. The force exerted on fluid at one point in a closed vessel is transmitted in all direction equally. Since both the ends of the water-delivering pipe in hydropower installations are open, the entire water column running inside a uniform pipe due to its weight has only pushing and pulling forces in its flowing direction. It has no lateral pressure, and no laws of buoyancy apply in that flowing condition.

The force to run water from higher to lower places comes from the Earth. It is called Gravitational Force of the Earth. The force is not reduced, no matter how much we use it. Nothing can block it nor change the direction of the force by any means. The force is acting all the time uninterrupted at any given point. The pressure effect is determined by the total weight of the entire water column of the water-delivering pipe. As fluid water column is not broken while it is flowing. Rate of discharged water is uniform at any point between intake and discharge points of the entire water column because, the amount of water going in the pipe through the intake-point and coming out from discharge-point of the water supplying uniform pipe are equal. Greater the height of the water column the higher is the rate of discharged water as the velocity of running water increases with the increase of the height. At any given point pressure due to the weight of the water column acts in two ways; water column above the point behaves as pushing force and below the point behaves as pulling force. Therefore the total weight of the water column is always equal to the entire column of the running water. So pressure effect at any point through out water column that is running in a uniform pipe is uniform. The pressure effect according to the height as in the standing still water column does not apply with the water column that is flowing.

Besides other factors, the power of running water is directly proportional to the quantity of water flowing, greater the quantity of water being discharged the greater is the power of the flowing water as other factors like height, gravitational force, and size of the pipe etc. remain constant after the installation of the structures. Altering the quantity of water is the only way to change the power of running water. So for a given quantity of running water its power is also uniform at any point of the water column running through a uniform pipe. So, as far as water flows constantly, power of water available is also unchanged at any point of the running water column.

2. Turbines (installed in stream) Don’t Decrease Power Of Running Water

We install turbine in the stream of running water to rotate its runner for harnessing hydropower. Turbines are made after we determine the height to run water, quantity of water available to discharge, and thus determine the size of the water-delivering pipe. The turbines are designed to let water pass through by rotating runner with necessary velocity so that quantity of flowing water is not blocked or reduced. Thus water runs with the same velocity as before installing the turbine. Because, turbines are made to let water pass through as designed and water column of running water is not broken because of the fluid properties, the pressure effect and the power of the flowing water column do not change even after one or more turbines are installed in series along the same pipe without breaking the water column. As far as definite quantity of water is running no factors change even after one or more turbines are installed. The power of running water also remains unchanged or remains constant even after passing through the turbine(s).

3. Harnessing Unlimited Hydropower

Because the pressure effect through out the running water column is uniform (1) and a turbine installed in the stream of uniformly running water column does not reduce the amount of flowing water (2); a turbine installed irrespective of the position between the intake and discharge points of uniformly flowing water column will run at any point with the same efficiency.

So multiple turbines installed in series along the same water-supplying pipe without breaking the column of the running water can run all of them with equal efficiency. Thus, it is possible to harness many folds more hydropower than done at present. We will not need additional new projects. We can add many turbines at the existing infrastructures.

Thus hydropower available to even alone Nepal is unlimited. So our Earth is blessed with unlimited hydropower.

4. Implications

Harnessing hydropower by installing turbines in series will provide us unlimited clean energy. We will not need coal, gas or other forms of fossil fuel and even nuclear fuel to generate electricity. Thus carbon emission also can be reduced far more than people want, very likely within 2 years. Natural fossil fuels will also be available for a very long period of future.

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